The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emission, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) Model is a full life-cycle model for evaluating the energy and emission impacts of various vehicle and fuel combinations. The first version of the GREET model was released in 1996. Since then, the model has been updated and expanded to include additional vehicle types and fuels. The results below are from GREET Model 2012 v.2. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (in carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent) are compared for 2035 vehicles, including conventional, hybrid electric, plug-in hybrid electric, extended-range electric, battery electric and fuel cell electric vehicles. Different fuels and/or grid mixes are shown.
Well-to-Wheels Greenhouse Gas Emissions for a 2035 Mid-Size Car
Note: At the top of the figure, a 2012 mid-size car is shown for comparison.
Renewable electricity includes biomass, hydro, wind, solar, and geothermal.
Supporting Information
Fuels | GHG emissions per Mile | Vehicle Technology |
---|---|---|
2012 Gasoline | 430 | Conventional Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles |
Gasoline | 220 | |
Diesel | 210 | |
Natural Gas | 200 | |
Corn Ethanol (E85) | 170 | |
Cellulosic E85 | 66 | |
Cellulosic Gasoline | 76 | |
Gasoline | 170 | Hybrid Electric Vehicles |
Cellulosic E85 | 48 | |
Cellulosic Gasoline | 58 | |
Gasoline & U.S./Regional Grid | 170 | Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (10-mile Charge Depleting Range) |
Gasoline & Renewable Electricity | 150 | |
Cellulosic E85 & Renewable Electricity | 44 | |
Cellulosic Gasoline & U.S. Regional Grid | 76 | |
Cellulosic Gasoline & Renewable Electricity | 51 | |
Gasoline & U.S./Regional Grid | 180 | Extended-Range Electric Vehicles (40-mile Charge Depleting Range) |
Gasoline & Renewable Electricity | 100 | |
Cellulosic E85 & Renewable Electricity | 30 | |
Cellulosic Gasoline & U.S. Regional Grid | 120 | |
Cellulosic Gasoline & Renewable Electricity | 35 | |
BEV100 Grid Mix (U.S./Regional) | 160 | Battery Electric Vehicles (100-mile and 300-mile) |
BEV100 Grid Mix Renewable Electricity | 7 | |
BEV300 Grid Mix (U.S./Regional) | 165 | |
BEV300 Grid Mix Renewable Electricity | 8 | |
Distributed Natural Gas | 190 | Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles |
Nat. Gas (Central) w/ Sequestration | 110 | |
Coal Gasification (Central) w/ Sequestration | 100 | |
Biomass Gasification (Central) | 73 | |
Wind Electricity (Central) | 36 | |
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Program Record (Offices of Bioenergy Technologies, Fuel Cell Technologies and Vehicle Technologies), "Well-to-Wheels Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Petroleum Use for Mid-Size Light-Duty Vehicles," Record #13005, April 25, 2013. |